Diverse elements comprising studies of peer support complicate evidence synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Innovative approaches to care, such as peer support, are needed to address the substantial and frequently unmet needs of people with serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Although peer support services continue to expand in mental healthcare, findings of effectiveness from systematic reviews are mixed. However, the studies evaluated in these reviews consisted of diverse elements which the review methods neglected to consider. AIMS: This review aims to demonstrate the substantial diversity in intervention components and measured outcomes among studies of peer support and lay the groundwork for more focused reviews of individual intervention components. METHODS: As part of a realist review of the literature, here we synthesize evidence in a way that examines the substantial diversity in intervention components and measured outcomes comprising studies of peer support. RESULTS: Seven categories of outcomes were represented, including recovery, symptoms and functioning, and care utilization. Importantly, seven distinct intervention components were represented in 26 studies: "being there," assistance in self-management, linkage to clinical care and community resources, social and emotional support, ongoing support, explicit utilization of shared lived experience or peer support values, and systems advocacy. Reflecting diversity in approaches, no study reported all intervention components, and no component was found among all studies. IMPLICATIONS: Peer support services constitute a category of intervention approaches far too varied to evaluate as a single entity. Results suggest intervention components deserving more focused research, including assistance in self-management, "being there," and explicit utilization of shared lived experience or peer support values. PRISMA/PROSPERO: As this article reports results from a realist review of the literature, we did not follow the PRISMA guidance which is suitable for systematic reviews. We did follow the Realist and Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards (RAMESES) guidelines.This review was not registered on PROSPERO as it is not a systematic review.

From an election to an insurrection: Investigating differential engagement and sentiment in the #defundthepolice and #defendthepolice network on Twitter.

Social movements and their respective countermovements have evolved to use online social media platforms to recruit followers, share pertinent information, discuss relevant issues, and draw the attention of political figures. Movements' strategic use of Twitter has increasingly been studied, though there are relatively few studies that compare social movements and their corresponding countermovements simultaneously. We examine engagement in the #DefundthePolice social movement and #DefendthePolice countermovement in a Twitter network comprised of retweets using both hashtags from August 2020 to January 2021. Text and sentiment analysis as well as a content analysis of a random sample of retweets in the network's 20 largest subgroups reveal four key patterns. First, information commonly communicated in historical social movements is communicated in the online, Twitter network. Second, the use of movement and countermovement hashtags to criticize is common, suggesting Twitter engagement with the movement/countermovement is not a sufficient indicator of support for the movement. Third, social movements are inextricably embedded in politics, with political discourse present in all the 20 largest subgroups. Finally, though we do not include geo-tagged tweets in the analysis, physical geography is key theme in multiple subgroups. Broadly, our findings demonstrate the breadth of topics communicated within movement networks and highlight the importance of qualitatively examining Twitter data in the study of social movements.

Listening to the Voices of Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study Providing In-Depth Insights Into Ethical and Individual Challenges.

In their daily practice, health care workers (HCWs) experience the effects of tensions between professional ethos and work realities, which can lead to ethical dilemmas. We aim to explore the ethical dilemmas that affected HCWs in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand these in the context of the German health system. Between April and December 2022, we interviewed HCWs from various levels of care and key informants responsible for decisions related to HCWs in Germany. Three themes were identified in the data analyzed from 78 participants. The first highlighted the potency of pre-existing health system problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The second captured the ethical dilemmas that were described as having arisen due to the tension between professional ethos and structural constraints. The third included factors related to increasing or diminishing the implications of ethical dilemmas. A lack of opportunities for HCWs to participate in political and managerial decisions was suggested to result in policies that do not meet the needs of HCWs and patients. Positive interpersonal interactions were described as helpful when coping with dilemmatic decision-making situations. In order to avoid negative consequences caused by unresolved ethical dilemmas, including moral distress, among HCWs, staff shortages and decision-making in the German health system urgently need to be addressed. HCWs' working conditions regularly evoke ethical dilemmas, particularly during public health emergencies. Together with HCWs, decision-makers must develop new models for working in health care settings that are in line with HCWs' professional ethos.

Corymbiform cutaneous disorders in pediatric dermatology: Exploring this pattern of presentation beyond secondary syphilis.

"Corymbiform" is a term found in medical literature as early as 1876 to describe a central larger lesion with smaller surrounding lesions, leading to the appearance of an irregular border. While the term in current medical literature most often describes a possible morphology of secondary syphilis, the authors have noted this pattern presenting in other cutaneous conditions. We present a commentary on the corymbiform pattern in dermatology including a series of photographs of cutaneous disorders presenting in a corymbiform morphology in pediatric patients. While the term corymbiform is not commonly used in the present-day dermatologic literature, increased recognition and use of this term may aid in the recognition of various dermatologic diagnoses presenting in a less common morphology and may also lend to increased fluidity of dermatologic descriptions in the literature.

Clonal Hematopoiesis in Clinical and Experimental Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: Clonal hematopoiesis (CH), which results from an array of nonmalignant driver gene mutations, can lead to altered immune cell function and chronic disease, and has been associated with worse outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction. However, the role of CH in the prognosis of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has been understudied. This study aimed to characterize CH in patients with HFpEF and elucidate its causal role in a murine model. METHODS: Using a panel of 20 candidate CH driver genes and a variant allele fraction cutoff of 0.5%, ultradeep error-corrected sequencing identified CH in a cohort of 81 patients with HFpEF (mean age, 71±6 years; ejection fraction, 63±5%) and 36 controls without a diagnosis of HFpEF (mean age, 74±7 years; ejection fraction, 61.5±8%). CH was also evaluated in a replication cohort of 59 individuals with HFpEF. RESULTS: Compared with controls, there was an enrichment of TET2-mediated CH in the HFpEF patient cohort (12% versus 0%, respectively; P=0.02). In the HFpEF cohort, patients with CH exhibited exacerbated diastolic dysfunction in terms of E/e' (14.9 versus 11.7, respectively; P=0.0096) and E/A (1.69 versus 0.89, respectively; P=0.0206) compared with those without CH. The association of CH with exacerbated diastolic dysfunction was corroborated in a validation cohort of individuals with HFpEF. In accordance, patients with HFpEF, an age ≥70 years, and CH exhibited worse prognosis in terms of 5-year cardiovascular-related hospitalization rate (hazard ratio, 5.06; P=0.042) compared with patients with HFpEF and an age ≥70 years without CH. To investigate the causal role of CH in HFpEF, nonconditioned mice underwent adoptive transfer with Tet2-wild-type or Tet2-deficient bone marrow and were subsequently subjected to a high-fat diet/L-NAME (Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) combination treatment to induce features of HFpEF. This model of Tet2-CH exacerbated cardiac hypertrophy by heart weight/tibia length and cardiomyocyte size, diastolic dysfunction by E/e' and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and cardiac fibrosis compared with the Tet2-wild-type condition. CONCLUSIONS: CH is associated with worse heart function and prognosis in patients with HFpEF, and a murine experimental model of Tet2-mediated CH displays greater features of HFpEF.

Community organization guides standardization, adaptability, and innovation: lessons from peer support in the Shanghai Integration Model.

Although there is broad evidence for the value of peer support (PS) in preventing and managing diabetes and other chronic diseases, identifying approaches to stage, scale, and adapt PS interventions is a challenge. Community organization may provide a process for such adaptation of standardized PS and diabetes management to individual communities. This community organization approach was used to develop PS in 12 communities in Shanghai, China. Through a convergent mixed methods design, project records, semi-structured interviews, and an implementation assessment characterized processes of adaptation of standardized materials, examined the extent to which the program was implemented, and identified key success factors and challenges. Findings from both interviews and the implementation assessment indicated that communities adapted standardized intervention components to meet the needs of their communities and assumed responsibility for implementation of different components of the program based on their community's available capacity. Additionally, community innovations occurring as part of the project were reported and standardized for dissemination in future iterations of the program. Key success factors identified included cooperation and collaboration among varied partners within and across communities. Two challenges illustrate the resilience of the community organization model in response to COVID-19 and the need for further adaptation in rural communities. Community organization provided a useful approach to standardization, adaptation, innovation, and reporting of PS interventions for diabetes management.

The Role of Infant Health Problems in Constraining Interneighborhood Mobility: Implications for Citywide Employment Networks.

Infant health problems are a persistent concern across the United States, disproportionally affecting socioeconomically vulnerable communities. We investigate how inequalities in infant health contribute to differences in interneighborhood commuting mobility and shape neighborhoods' embeddedness in the citywide structure of employment networks in Chicago over a 14-year period. We use the Census Bureau's Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics' Origin-Destination Employment Statistics to analyze commuting networks between 2002 and 2015. Results from longitudinal network analyses indicate two main patterns. First, after the Great Recession, a community's infant health problems began to significantly predict isolation from the citywide employment network. Second, pairwise dissimilarity in infant health problems predicts a lower likelihood of mobility ties between communities throughout the entire study period. The findings suggest that infant health problems present a fundamental barrier for communities in equally accessing the full range of jobs and opportunities across the city-compounding existing inequalities.

Spatial assessment of the attributable burden of disease due to transportation noise in England.

BACKGROUND: Noise pollution from transportation is one of the leading contributors to the environmental disease burden in Europe. We provide a novel assessment of spatial variations of these health impacts within a country, using England as an example. METHODS: We estimated the burden of annoyance (highly annoyed), sleep disturbance (highly sleep disturbed), ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and diabetes attributable to long-term transportation noise exposures in England for the adult population in 2018 down to local authority level (average adult population: 136,000). To derive estimates, we combined literature-informed exposure-response relationships, with population data on noise exposures, disease, and mortalities. Long-term average noise exposures from road, rail and aircraft were sourced from strategic noise mapping, with a lower exposure threshold of 50 dB (decibels) Lden and Lnight. RESULTS: 40 %, 4.5 % and 4.8 % of adults in England were exposed to road, rail, and aircraft noise exceeding 50 dB Lden. We estimated close to a hundred thousand (∼97,000) disability adjusted life years (DALY) lost due to road-traffic, ∼13,000 from railway, and âˆ¼ 17,000 from aircraft noise. This excludes some noise-outcome pairs as there were too few studies available to provide robust exposure-response estimates. Annoyance and sleep disturbance accounted for the majority of the DALYs, followed by strokes, IHD, and diabetes. London, the South East, and North West regions had the greatest number of road-traffic DALYs lost, while 63 % of all aircraft noise DALYs were found in London. The strategic noise mapping did not include all roads, which may still have significant traffic flows. In sensitivity analyses using modelled noise from all roads in London, the DALYs were 1.1x to 2.2x higher. CONCLUSION: Transportation noise exposures contribute to a significant and unequal environmental disease burden in England. Omitting minor roads from the noise exposure modelling leads to underestimation of the disease burden.

Children's visual acuity tests without professional supervision: a prospective repeated measures study.

BACKGROUND: Home visual acuity tests could ease pressure on ophthalmic services by facilitating remote review of patients. Home tests may have further utility in giving service users frequent updates of vision outcomes during therapy, identifying vision problems in an asymptomatic population, and engaging stakeholders in therapy. METHODS: Children attending outpatient clinics had visual acuity measured 3 times at the same appointment: Once by a registered orthoptist per clinical protocols, once by an orthoptist using a tablet-based visual acuity test (iSight Test Pro, Kay Pictures), and once by an unsupervised parent/carer using the tablet-based test. RESULTS: In total, 42 children were recruited to the study. The mean age was 5.6 years (range 3.3 to 9.3 years). Median and interquartile ranges (IQR) for clinical standard, orthoptic-led and parent/carer-led iSight Test Pro visual acuity measurements were 0.155 (0.18 IQR), 0.180 (0.26 IQR), and 0.300 (0.33 IQR) logMAR respectively. The iSight Test Pro in the hands of parents/carers was significantly different from the standard of care measurements (P = 0.008). In the hands of orthoptists. There was no significant difference between orthoptists using the iSight Test Pro and standard of care (P = 0.289), nor between orthoptist iSight Test Pro and parents/carer iSight Test Pro measurements (P = 0.108). CONCLUSION: This technique of unsupervised visual acuity measures for children is not comparable to clinical measures and is unlikely to be valuable to clinical decision making. Future work should focus on improving the accuracy of the test through better training, equipment/software or supervision/support.

Nontechnical Skills for Surgeons as a Framework to Evaluate Cardiopulmonary Bypass Management Skills of Resident Trainees.

BACKGROUND: Nontechnical skills are critical in cardiac surgery but currently there is no formal paradigm to teach these in residency training. We investigated the use of the Nontechnical skills for surgeons (NOTSS) system as a framework to assess and teach nontechnical skills related to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) management. METHODS: Single-center retrospective analysis of Integrated and Independent pathway thoracic surgery residents who participated in dedicated nontechnical skills evaluation and training. Two CPB management simulation scenarios were utilized. All residents received a lecture on CPB fundamentals and then individually participated in the first simulation ("Pre-NOTSS"). Immediately following this, nontechnical skills were rated by self-assessment and by a NOTSS trainer. All residents then underwent group NOTSS training followed by the second individual simulation ("Post-NOTSS"). Nontechnical skills were rated as before. NOTSS categories assessed included Situation Awareness, Decision Making, Communication and Teamwork, and Leadership. RESULTS: Nine residents were divided into 2 groups: Junior (n = 4, PGY1-4) and Senior (n = 5, PGY5-8). Pre-NOTSS resident self-ratings were higher for Senior than Junior in the categories of Decision Making, Communication and Teamwork, and Leadership while trainer ratings were similar between the groups. Post-NOTSS, resident self-ratings were higher for Senior than Junior in Situation Awareness and Decision Making while trainer scores were higher for both groups in Communication and Teamwork and Leadership. CONCLUSIONS: The NOTSS framework in conjunction with simulation scenarios provides a practical framework to evaluate and teach nontechnical skills related to CPB management. NOTSS training can lead to improvements in both subjective and objective ratings of nontechnical skills for all PGY levels.

Resection of a hormonally active carotid body tumor.

Treatment of carotid body tumors (CBTs) can be complicated by the presence of hormonal activity. This case describes the treatment of a 65-year-old woman that presented with an abnormally high blood pressure and was found to have a neck mass. Diagnostic imaging along with urine metanephrines revealed this mass to be a hormonally active CBT. Careful resection along with preoperative treatment with an alpha blockade allowed for a successful complete removal of the tumor without any complications. Although CBTs tend to be benign, and hormonally active tumors are rare, one must always maintain a level of suspicion of hormonal activity to prevent catastrophic operative events.